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The Balls used in Worldcups Till Now
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Lack of time seals many actions
hey, itz very sad that , if you dont have enough time a day , the things that we wish to do will be left behind, i sometimes wish to have 30hrs instead of 24hrs a day.,this world is becoming a placeof busy workers, without rest
First Russian AWACS plane put in service with Indian air force
The first Russian-made A-50 Mainstay AWACS aircraft developed on the basis of Il-76MD military transport plane officially entered service on Thursday with the Indian Air Force (IAF).
India ordered three A-50EI variants fitted with Israeli-made Phalcon radar systems in 2001. The first aircraft was scheduled to arrive in 2007-08 but has been subject to delays.
"Today we became one of the few chosen countries to possess this kind of plane [AWACS]," IAF commander, Air Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major said at the commissioning ceremony.
According to some sources, the second of the A-50EI planes is expected to be in India by early 2010, with the third by the end of next year.
The aircraft will be deployed in Agra with the IAF's 50 Squadron under the Allahabad-based Central Air Command but will be assigned tasks directly by Air Headquarters.
In many aspects, the A-50 is comparable to the U.S. Air Force's E-3 Sentry. It is fitted with an aerial refueling system and electronic warfare equipment, and can detect targets up to 400 km (250 miles) away.
The existing Russian-Indian military-technical cooperation program until 2010 includes up to 200 projects worth about $18 billion.
However, bilateral military-technical ties have been overshadowed by recent spats over problems with delivery delays, supplies of spare parts, poor sales support, steep maintenance costs and technology transfer issues.
For instance, India dropped Russia from a $1-bln tender to supply six aerial tankers for the Indian Air Force due to poor after-sales maintenance services and is most likely to look for another manufacturer for future AWACS orders to satisfy its needs for early warning aircraft.
India has recently purchased eight Boeing P-81 long-range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) aircraft from the United States, and signed a deal with Brazil to jointly integrate domestically developed AWACS systems into three Brazilian-made Embraer-145 aircraft to be later commissioned with the Indian Air Force.
Israel replaced France in 2007 as India's second-largest arms supplier after Russia and is likely to grab the top slot through a vast array of defense agreements it has already signed with New Delhi.
Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system
An Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system is an airborne radar system designed to detect aircraft. Used at a high altitude, the radars allow the operators to distinguish between friendly and hostile aircraft hundreds of miles away. AEW&C aircraft are used for defensive and offensive air operations. The system is used offensively to direct fighters to their target locations, and defensively to counter attacks. It can also be used to carry out surveillance, and C2BM (command and control, battle management) functions.
AEW&C is also known by the older terms "Airborne Early Warning" (AEW) and "Airborne Warning and Control System" (AWACS).
General characteristics
Modern AWAC systems can detect aircraft from up to 250 mi (400 km) away, well out of range of most surface-to-air missiles. One AWACS plane flying at 30,000 ft (9,150 m) can cover an area of 120,460 mi² (312,000 km²). Three such aircraft in overlapping orbits can cover the whole of Central Europe.[1] In air-to-air combat, AWAC systems can communicate with friendly aircraft, extend their sensor range and give them added stealth, since they no longer need their own active radar to detect threats. However, by the nature of radar, AWACS aircraft can be detected by opposing forces beyond its own detection range. This is because the outgoing pulse reduces in strength the further it travels. Therefore, a signal which is intended to go out and be reflected back must be strong enough to cover twice the distance between the sender and the target.
History
In February, 1944 the U.S. Navy ordered the development of a radar system that could be carried aloft in an aircraft as Project Cadillac. A prototype system was built and flown in August on a modified TBM Avengertorpedo bomber. Tests proved successful, with the system being able to detect low flying formations at a range in excess of 100 mi (160 km). The US Navy then ordered production of the TBM-3W, the first AEW aircraft to enter service. TBM-3Ws fitted with the AN/APS-20 radar entered service in March 1945, with some 36-40 eventually being constructed.
In 1958, the Soviet Tupolev Design Bureau was also ordered to design an AWACS aircraft.[citation needed]After trying to fit the projected radar instrumentation in a Tu-95 and a Tu-116, the decision was made to use the Tu-114 fuselage instead. This solved the problems with cooling and operator space that existed with the narrower Tu-95 and Tu-116 fuselage. To meet the flight range requirements, the plane was fitted with an air-to-air refuelling receiver. The resulting plane, the Tu-126, was used by the Soviet Air Force until it was replaced by the Beriev A-50 in 1984
Boeing/Westinghouse AWACS system
This is a specific system with a rotating radar dome "rotodome" radome designed and built by Boeing(Defense & Space Group) using Westinghouse (now Northrop Grumman) radar. It is mounted on either theE-3 Sentry aircraft (Boeing 707) or more recently a modified Boeing 767. Only the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force has the 767 version, calling it the E-767.
Elta/Israeli Aircraft Industries (IAI) PHALCON Radar
Israel has developed the IAI/Elta Phalcon system, which uses an AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) in lieu of a rotodome antenna. The system was the first such advanced radar placed into service. The original Phalcon was mounted on a Boeing 707 platform [6] and developed for the Israeli Defense Force and for export. A Boeing 707 Phalcon system was delivered to Chile in 1993 where it is known as the “Condor”.
The second generation improvement of the Phalcon system was accomplished in the development of the Israeli ground based IAI EL/M-2080"Green Pine" radar target tracking system used by the Israeli Defense Force. This system has been exported to several countries.
Israel has recently put in service a third generation variant of the Phalcon system on a highly modified Gulfstream G550 [7] aircraft. Equipped with a more efficient and compact version of this airborne radar made by the ELTA division of Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), the Gulfstream 550CAEW is a long endurance, high altitude, rapid pop-up and descent system with unobstructed 360° coverage.
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F-35.The Real Supersonic
The F-35 is drastically more than just a jet; it is a highly integrated air system. The system is comprised of many key parts such as the propulsion system, the avionics suite, the weapons systems, an autonomic logistics system and the list continues.
The single-engine, single-seat F-35 will be manufactured in three versions: a conventional-takeoff-and-landing (CTOL) variant for the U.S. Air Force, an aircraft-carrier version (CV) for the U.S. Navy, and a short-takeoff/vertical landing (STOVL) version for the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.K. Royal Air Force and Royal Navy.
The requirements for the Joint Strike Fighter are complex – from the start it must reach new heights of lethality, but be affordable. It must be survivable during the rigors of combat and supportable from austere environments. All the while, the F-35 JSF must meet all of these diverse needs of multiple services and still be affordable.
The 1970s saw the production of many of today's aircraft that comprise most of the U.S. tactical aircraft inventory. The combination of service-life exhaustion and escalating threats will require all of the services to slowly retire their current tactical aircraft. These issues are not restricted to the U.S. The Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Harriers underscore similar problems. Other U.S. allies have are having the same problem.
The F-35 is designed to replace aging fighter inventories including U.S. Air Force A-10s and F-16s, U.S. Navy F/A-18s, U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harriers and F/A-18s, and U.K. Harrier GR.7s and Sea Harriers. With stealth and a host of next-generation technologies, the F-35 will be far and away the world’s most advanced multi-role fighter. There exists an aging fleet of tactical aircraft worldwide. The F-35 will solve that problem.
In providing that solution, the Joint Strike Fighter program has since day one had four program pillars:
Affordable
All variants of the F-35 will be procured within their target cost range.
Operation and support costs will be dramatically reduced.
Lethal
Air-to-ground precision strikes in all weather … air-to-air combat engagements
– every F-35 variant will be highly effective in both arenas.
Survivable
Stealthy, high-performance, supersonic strike fighters – The F-35 successfully
integrates the technologies that will make every mission more survivable.
Supportable
Reliability and maintainability – The F-35 will be setting new standards for
both, enabling lower support costs and easier upgrades than legacy aircraft.
The F-35 JSF program, while embracing the four pillars, is a single development program. The F-35 is addressing the needs of legacy aircraft users in a single program. The cost savings will continue through the life of the program. Duplications of efforts are being avoided, technology is more effectively leveraged, and greater economies of scale are being achieved through the joint acquisition of the F-35.
Affordability is the cornerstone of the F-35 program. It is achieved in large part through a very high level of common parts and systems across the three versions of the aircraft. Support costs are forecast to be about half that of present-day fighters, and streamlined assembly methods will cut production time significantly.
With nine countries (and their collective industrial prowess) involved in its development, the F-35 represents a new model of international cooperation, ensuring affordable U.S. and coalition partner security well into the 21st century. The F-35 also brings together solid strategic international partnerships, providing affordability by reducing redundant research and development and providing access to technology around the world.
From ongoing production today through testing and full service in the future, the F-35 will seamlessly incorporate the latest technological advancements as they emerge. Its solid aerodynamic design is specifically developed with room to grow, room that will continue to ensure that the F-35 will be a highly adaptable platform ready to accommodate rapidly changing technologies. The F-35 is a smart fighter that will get even smarter as new threats and the technologies to counter them emerge.
The F-35 will be extremely lethal. It will have excellent aerodynamic performance and advanced integrated avionics. It's next generation stealth, superb situational awareness and reduced vulnerability will make the F-35 hard to find, hard to hit and hard to kill.
The F-35 will create a truly global, highly effective fighter force. As the first U.S. combat aircraft acquisition program to have had international participation from its inception, the JSF closes the “capability gap” between the U.S. and its allies and ensures that coalition forces are able to tackle heavily defended targets alongside U.S. forces. The first F-35A is scheduled to take to the skies in late 2006.
Autonomic Logistics (AL) Commonality Distributed Aperture System Diverterless Inlet Electro-Optical Targeting System Helmet Mounted Display System Integrated Communications,
Navigation and Identification Avionics Interoperability Low Observability Multi-Function Display System Multi-Mission Active Electronically
Scanned Array (AESA) Radar Propulsion F135 The F135 is currently in the SDD
phase. The F135 is using the lessons learned from the F119 engine core and the
JSF119 during the CDA stage to reduce risk in SDD. During SDD the F135 test
engines will undergo a range of ground and flight tests to simulate various
mission profiles. In these tests the system demonstration engines will be run
for hours throughout various flight envelopes to ensure they meet performance
requirements. One of the vital milestone tests occured at the end of 2003 with
the first F135 engine to test. The first CTOL F135 engine test
occurred on 11 October 2003. The first STOVL F135 engine test occurred on 14
April 2004. To date over 2,000 hours have been accumulated on the F135 test
engines. F136 The F136 team will transition into
the SDD phase of their program later in 2005. The F135 and F136 teams are
working closely to develop common propulsion system components. The first CTOL F136 engine to test
occurred on 22 July 2004. The first STOVL F136 engine to test occurred on 10
February 2005. To date, the F136 team has accumulated over 130 hours of engine
tests. Rolls-Royce Lift System Shaft Driven Lift Fan (SDLF) The SDLF concept was successfully
demonstrated through a Large Scale Powered Model (LSPM) in 1995-96 and during
the flight-testing of the X-35B during the summer of 2001. The Lift Fan, a
patented Lockheed Martin concept, was developed and produced by Rolls-Royce
Corp. in Indianapolis, Indiana and in Bristol, England. Robust Structure Sophisticated Cockpit Weapons Integration
Because logistics support accounts for two-thirds of an aircraft's life cycle
cost, the F-35 will achieve unprecedented levels of reliability and
maintainability, combined with a highly responsive support and training system
linked with the latest in information technology. The aircraft will be ready to
fight anytime and anyplace. Autonomic Logistics (AL) is a seamless, embedded
solution that integrates current performance, operational parameters, current
configuration, scheduled upgrades and maintenance, component history,
predictive diagnostics (prognostics) and health management, and service support
for the F-35. Essentially, AL does invaluable and efficient behind-the-scenes
monitoring, maintenance and prognostics to support the aircraft and ensure its
continued good health.
Commonality is the key to affordability – on the assembly line; in
shared-wing platforms; in common systems that enhance maintenance, field
support and service interoperability; and in almost 100 percent commonality
of the avionics suite. Component commonality across all three variants
reduces unique spares requirements and the logistics footprint. In addition
to reduced flyaway costs, the F-35 is designed to affordably integrate new
technology during its entire life cycle.
In a joint effort with Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, Northrop
Grumman Electronic Systems will provide key electronic sensors for the F-35,
which includes spearheading the work on the Electro-Optical Distributed
Aperture System (DAS). This system will provide pilots with a unique protective
sphere around the aircraft for enhanced situational awareness, missile
warning, aircraft warning, day/night pilot vision, and fire control
capability.
The F-35's diverterless inlet lightens the overall weight of the aircraft.
Traditional aircraft inlets were comprised of many moving parts and are much
heavier than newer diverterless inlets. The diverterless inlet also
eliminates all moving parts.
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control and Northrop Grumman Electronic
Systems are jointly providing key electronic sensors for the F-35 to include
the Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS). The internally mounted EOTS will
provide extended range detection and precision targeting against ground
targets, plus long range detection of air-to-air threats.
Vision Systems International, LLC (VSI) is developing the most advanced and
capable Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the F-35. Utilizing
extensive design experience gained on successful production Helmet Mounted
Displays (HMD), the F-35 HMDS will replace the traditional Head-Up-Display
(HUD) while offering true sensor fusion.
Northrop Grumman Space Technology's integrated avionics satisfy the
requirements for greatly increased functionalities within extreme space and
weight limitations via modular hardware that could be dynamically programmed to
reconfigure for multiple functions. This "smart"-box approach
delivers increased performance, quicker deployment, higher availability,
enhanced scalability and lower life cycle costs.
The F-35 will have the most robust communications suite of any fighter aircraft
built to date. The F-35 will be the first fighter to possess a satellite
communications capability that integrates beyond line of sight communications
throughout the spectrum of missions it is tasked to perform. The F-35 will
contain the most modern tactical datalinks which will provide the sharing of
data among its flight members as well as other airborne, surface and
ground-based platforms required to perform assigned missions. The commitment of
JSF partner nations to common communications capabilities and web-enabled
logistics support will enable a new level of coalition interoperability. These
capabilities allow the F-35 to lead the defense community in the migration to
the net-centric warfighting force of the future.
An integrated airframe design, advanced materials and an axisymmetric nozzle
maximize the F-35's stealth features.
Rockwell Collins's 8"x20" Multi-Function Display System (MFDS) will
be the panoramic projection display for the F-35. MFDS employs leading edge
technology in projection engine architecture, video, compression, illumination
module controls and processing memory – all of which will make the MFDS the
most advanced tactical display. One-gigabyte-per-second data interfaces will
enable the MFDS to display six full motion images simultaneously. The adaptable
layout will be easily reconfigurable for different missions or mission
segments. Projection display technology will provide a high-luminance,
high-contrast, and high-resolution picture with no viewing angle effect.
Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems is developing the Multi-Mission Active
Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar for the F-35. This advanced
multi-function radar has gone through extensive flight demonstrations during
the Concept Demonstration Phase (CDP). The radar will enable the F-35 JSF pilot
to effectively engage air and ground targets at long range, while also
providing outstanding situational awareness for enhanced survivability.
The F-35 Propulsion Systems are the most powerful fighter/attack turbofans in
the world. There are two manufacturers with propulsion systems currently being
tested. The propulsion systems are interchangeable and both will power the
F-35. There are two major engine variants for the F-35. One engine will power
the CTOL and CV versions of the aircraft, while the other will power the STOVL
version. The F135 engine is made by Pratt & Whitney, the F136 by a team,
known as the Fighter Engine Team comprised of General Electric and Rolls-Royce.
Both the F135 and the F136 STOVL engines will utilize common exhaust and Lift
System systems.
The Pratt & Whitney F135 family of advanced propulsion systems utilize
cutting edge technology to provide the F-35 with higher performance than
conventional fighter aircraft. The engine consists of a 3-stage fan, a 6-stage
compressor, an annular combustor, a single stage high-pressure turbine, and a 2
stage low-pressure turbine.
The GE Rolls-Royce Fighter Engine Team (FET) F136 engine is currently in the
Pre-SDD phase. The objective of the F136 Pre-SDD phase is to reduce risk prior
to entering SDD. The FET is utilizing technology developed from previous
aircraft engine programs to design this engine. The F136 engine consists of a
3-stage fan, 5-stage compressor, a 3-stage low-pressure turbine section and a
single stage high-pressure turbine.
While Rolls-Royce is a member of the Fighter Engine Team with GE on the F136,
they are also subcontracted to Pratt & Whitney on the F135 to provide the
Lift System for the F-35. The Lift System is comprised of the Lift Fan, Clutch,
Drive Shaft, Roll Posts and the Three Bearing Swivel Module (3BSM).
Lockheed Martin developed the idea for a Short Take-Off Vertical Landing
(STOVL) lift system that uses a vertically oriented Shaft Driven Lift Fan
(SDLF). A two-stage low-pressure turbine on the engine provides the horsepower
necessary to power the Rolls-Royce designed Lift Fan. The Lift Fan generates a
column of cool air that provides nearly 20,000 pounds of lifting power using
variable inlet guide vanes to modulate the airflow, along with an equivalent
amount of thrust from the downward vectored rear exhaust to lift the aircraft.
The Lift Fan utilizes a clutch that engages the shaft drive system for STOVL
operations. Because the lift fan extracts power from the engine, exhaust
temperatures are reduced by about 200 degrees compared to traditional STOVL
systems.
Continuous tailhook-to-nose-gear structure and catapult-compatible nose gear
launch system are strengthened for catapult and arresting loads.
The F-35 provides its pilot with unsurpassed situational awareness, positive
target identification and precision strike under any weather condition.
Mission systems integration and outstanding over-the-nose visibility features
are designed to dramatically enhance pilot performance.
The F-35 will employ a variety of US and allied weapons. From JDAMs to
Sidewinders to the UK Storm Shadow, the F-35 has been designed to carry
either internally or externally a large array of weapons.
